Thyroid disease refers to conditions that affect the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck. The thyroid produces hormones (T3 and T4) that regulate the body’s metabolism, energy levels, temperature, and heart rate.
When the thyroid produces too much hormone (hyperthyroidism) or too little hormone (hypothyroidism), it disrupts normal body functions, leading to a variety of health problems.

Symptoms

The symptoms depend on whether the thyroid is overactive (hyperthyroidism) or underactive (hypothyroidism).

When the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough hormones:

  • Fatigue and weakness

  • Weight gain (even with normal eating habits)

  • Cold intolerance (feeling cold easily)

  • Dry skin and hair loss

  • Constipation

  • Depression or mood changes

  • Slow heart rate

  • Swelling in the face or neck

  • Irregular or heavy menstrual periods

  • Memory problems or difficulty concentrating

Causes

Thyroid problems can result from autoimmune diseases, iodine imbalance, medications, or genetic factors.

1. Autoimmune Disorders

  • Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: The immune system attacks the thyroid, leading to hypothyroidism.

  • Graves’ Disease: An autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism by overstimulating the thyroid gland.

2. Iodine Imbalance

  • Iodine deficiency can cause hypothyroidism or goiter.

  • Excess iodine intake can trigger hyperthyroidism.

3. Inflammation of the Thyroid (Thyroiditis)

  • Caused by infection, autoimmune conditions, or medications, leading to temporary hormone imbalance.

Thyroid