Heart disease — also known as cardiovascular disease (CVD) — refers to a group of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. It includes problems such as coronary artery disease, heart attack, heart failure, arrhythmia, and congenital heart defects.
Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide but can often be prevented or managed through a healthy lifestyle, early diagnosis, and proper medical care.
Symptoms
The symptoms of heart disease depend on the specific type and severity of the condition. Common warning signs include:
Chest pain or discomfort (angina) — often described as pressure, tightness, or squeezing
Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity or while lying down
Fatigue or weakness
Rapid, slow, or irregular heartbeat (palpitations)
Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet (due to fluid buildup)
Dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting
Pain in the neck, jaw, throat, or upper back
Cold sweats or nausea (common during a heart attack)
Causes
Heart disease develops when blood flow to the heart is reduced or blocked, or when the heart’s structure and rhythm are affected. It can result from a combination of lifestyle, genetic, and medical factors.
1. Atherosclerosis (Plaque Buildup)
The most common cause of heart disease.
Occurs when fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in the artery walls, forming plaque that restricts blood flow.
2. High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
Constant high pressure damages arteries, making them less elastic and more prone to blockage.
3. High Cholesterol
Excess LDL (“bad”) cholesterol leads to plaque buildup in arteries.
4. Diabetes
High blood sugar damages blood vessels and increases the risk of coronary artery disease.
5. Obesity and Poor Diet
Diets high in saturated fats, salt, and sugar contribute to weight gain and heart strain.
